Características y factores de riesgo de mortalidad por COVID-19 en Tamaulipas, a un año de pandemia / Characteristics and risk factors of COVID-19 mortality in Tamaulipas, one year after the pandemic

Resumen Coronavirus 19 (COVID-19), es una enfermedad viral prevalente y diseminada a nivel mundial, considerada una pandemia con alta tasa de mortalidad. A la fecha no existen estudios que describan la influencia de las variables asociadas a la enfermedad en el estado fronterizo de Tamaulipas, México. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar y analizar las características, complicaciones, tasas de letalidad y factores de riesgo asociados a mortalidad en paciente positivos a COVID-19 en el estado de Tamaulipas, a un año de la emergencia local. Se utilizó la frecuencia de casos observados en relación a características, complicaciones y comorbilidades para estimar prevalencias y tasas de letalidad. Se ajustó un modelo de regresión logística multivariada para estimar los factores de riesgo significativos y se utilizaron curvas de supervivencia de Kaplan-Meier para describir las comorbilidades más importantes. Los análisis indicaron una mayor infección en pacientes en edad productiva, con una probabilidad significativa de muerte a partir de los 40 años, más evidente en pacientes masculinos. Los riesgos asociados a la hospitalización, como intubación endotraqueal y neumonía, son factores muy importantes. Las comorbilidades con alta prevalencia (diabetes, hipertensión y obesidad) y enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) están asociados significativamente (P < 0.01) a mayor mortalidad por COVID-19 en pacientes positivos. El presente estudio demostró algunos patrones generales de prevalencia y tasas de letalidad por COVID-19, por lo que se sugieren particularidades en los factores asociados a mortalidad en la población de Tamaulipas que requieren atención en sus grupos vulnerables, sobre todo en posibles casos de rebrotes de la enfermedad.

Abstract Coronavirus 19 (COVID-19) is a prevalent and globally disseminated viral disease that has become a pandemic associated with a high case fatality rate. To date, there are no published studies that describe the influence of the variables associated with the disease, specifically in the border state of Tamaulipas, Mexico. The objective of the present study was to assess the characteristics, complications, fatality rates and risk factors associated to mortality in patients positive to COVID-19 in Tamaulipas, one year after the local emergency. Descriptive frequency of characteristics, complications for prevalence and case fatality rates were used. A multivariate logistic regression model was adjusted to estimate the meaningful risk factors, and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to describe the most important comorbidities. The analysis indicated higher infection rates in patients of productive age, with a significant death probability in male patients from the age of 40. The risks associated with hospitalization, such as endotracheal intubation and the presence of pneumonia are important risk factors. Comorbidities with high prevalence; diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) were significantly associated (P < 0.01) with higher COVID-19 mortality risk in the assessed population. The present study demonstrated some COVID-19 general patterns on frequency and mortality rates. It also suggested particularities in factors associated to mortality in the Tamaulipas population, which require proper attention in vulnerable groups, especially in future outbreaks of the disease.

Tasas de letalidad y factores de riesgo por COVID-19 en México / Case fatality rates and risk factors by COVID-19 in Mexico

Introducción: La COVID-19 es una enfermedad viral diseminada a nivel mundial, que es considerada una pandemia con alta tasa de mortalidad, cuyo estudio epidemiológico es fundamental para entender el riesgo asociado a poblaciones específicas. Objetivos: Estimar las tasas de letalidad y factores de riesgo asociados a mortalidad por COVID-19 en cinco Estados con más contagios en México. Métodos: Se analizaron de 297 230 pacientes positivos a COVID-19 mediante prueba de RT-PCR procedentes de 475 unidades de monitoreo en cinco Estados de México. Se estimaron tasas de letalidad y razones de probabilidad mediante el ajuste de un modelo de regresión logística multivariada. Se consideraron los factores de riesgo en un modelo que incluyó los efectos del sexo, edad, hábitos de fumador, historial de hospitalización, diagnóstico de neumonía y comorbilidades como diabetes, hipertensión, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, asma, inmunodepresión, enfermedad renal crónica y enfermedades cardiovasculares, entre otras. Resultados: Existe mayor contagio entre las personas de 41 a 60 años de edad. Más del 90 por ciento de los fallecimientos ocurrieron después de los 41 años, con aumento de la tasa de letalidad a mayor edad. Los hombres mostraron mayor proporción de casos, fallecimientos y tasa de letalidad. El análisis logístico multivariado mostró que la edad, sexo, hospitalización, neumonía, diabetes y enfermedad renal crónica son factores de riesgo significativos (p < 0,0001) para mortalidad por COVID-19. Conclusiones: En México la edad, el sexo, la hospitalización, neumonía, diabetes y enfermedad renal crónica son factores que aumentan el riesgo de mortalidad por COVID-19. Se sugiere tener en cuenta esta información para determinar los grupos vulnerables e incrementar la atención sobre ellos para disminuir, en la medida de lo posible, el riesgo de contagio y mortalidad(AU)

Introduction: COVID-19 is a viral disease disseminated worldwide, considered a pandemic with a high mortality rate, whose epidemiological study is fundamental to understand the risk associated with specific populations. Objectives: Estimate the case fatality rates and risk factors associated with mortality from COVID-19 in the five states with more infections in Mexico. Methods: 297,230 COVID-19 positive patients were analyzed using RT-PCR tests from 475 monitoring units in five states of Mexico. Case fatality rates and probability ratios were estimated by adjusting a multivariate logistic regression model. Risk factors were considered in a model that included the effects of sex, age, smoking habits, hospitalization history, pneumonia diagnosis, and comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, immunosuppression, chronic kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease, among others. Results: There is greater contagion among people aged 41 to 60 years. More than 90percent of deaths occurred after the age of 41, with the case fatality rate increasing at an older age. Men showed a higher proportion of cases, deaths and case fatality rate. Multivariate logistic analysis showed that age, sex, hospitalization, pneumonia, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease are significant risk factors (p < 0.0001) for COVID-19 mortality. Conclusions: In Mexico, age, sex, hospitalization, pneumonia, diabetes and chronic kidney disease are factors that increase the risk of mortality from COVID-19. It is suggested to take this information into account to determine vulnerable groups and increase attention to them to reduce, as far as possible, the risk of contagion and mortality(AU)

Effect of Leptin, Pituitary Transcription Factor and Luteinizing Hormone Receptor Genes Polymorphisms on Reproductive Traits and Milk Yield in Holstein Cattle

Abstract The aim of this study was to estimate allelic and genotypic frequencies of markers in the leptin (LEP), pituitary transcription factor (PIT-1) and luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) genes and evaluate their effects on reproductive traits and milk yield of Holstein cattle. Data from 147 cows from department of Francisco Morazán, Honduras, were collected and PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) assays were performed to characterize the PIT-1-HinfI, LEP- A59V and LHR-rs41256848 polymorphisms. To estimate the effect of genotypes on reproductive traits and milk yield fixed and mixed linear models were fitted. The frequencies of the genotypes CC, CT and TT of A59V, AA, AB and BB of HinfI, and CC, CG and GG of rs41256848 were 0.46, 0.33 and, 0.21; 0.09, 0.32 and 0.58; and 0.37, 0.61 and 0.02, respectively. The genotypes of LEP and LHR showed deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The A59V polymorphism was significantly associated with the calving to conception interval (CCI) (p=0.01), being the C allele favorable. The HinfI and rs41256848 polymorphism were significantly associated (p=0.08 and p=0.04) with age to first calving (AFC), being the A and G the alleles favorable associated, respectively. The results suggest that LEP, PIT and LHR polymorphisms can probably act as candidate to be used in marker-assisted selection for AFC and CCI traits.

Signatures of Selection From Candidate Gene Polymorphisms Panel in Five Zebu Breeds

ABSTRACT The signals of selection using candidate genes polymorphism were studied in five zebu breeds of Mexico. Three loci from GHRH and complementarily Steroyl Co Desaturase F762, Dopamine Beta Hydroxilase 17299, and LEP3272 were identified under selection. Findings depict Zebu selection pressure mainly on Brahman breed resulting in a divergent structure pattern.

Meat tenderness genetic polymorphisms occurrence and distribution in five Zebu breeds in Mexico

Background The Zebu cattle are represented by a diverse group of breeds in México. Traditionally these breeds have been associated with the tough beef characteristic. Validated genetic markers have the potential to be included in marker-assisted selection and management programs in order to improve traits such as beef tenderness. The incidence and distribution of Calpain and Calpastatin polymorphisms strongly associated with beef tenderness were estimated in registered cattle of five Zebu breeds in Mexico. Results A low and in some cases null frequency of favorable C allele of CAPN316 was determined in all breeds. Conversely, a more equilibrated frequency in CAPN4751 and CAST loci was observed. Conclusions Although the relatively low occurrence of favorable alleles in assessed loci may limit their use in selection programs, genotyping availability might be a practical and comprehensive tool for introgression programs by marker assisted selection and management as to improve meat tenderness of Zebu breeds.

Importancia de la verificación-asignación de progenitores en sistemas extensivos de pie de cría / Importance of parentage verification-assignment in extensive multiple-sired breeding herds

Se aplicó un panel de nueve marcadores microsatélites para estructurar la genealogía de un hato de ganado Braford manejado bajo empadre múltiple y destinado a pié de cría, para evaluar las repercusiones de la adecuada asignación de progenitores, así como las implicaciones en su mejoramiento genético. Se logró la asignación de paternidad en el 100% de la progenie, mientras que en los ensayos de verificación de maternidad se estimó un porcentaje de error de asignación de aproximadamente 90%. Los resultados encontrados apoyan el uso de la asignación de paternidad para verificar la estructura genealógica (paternidad y maternidad) de hatos cuya certeza en el pedigrí es crítica para el mejoramiento genético de su raza, y en donde el sistema de manejo extensivo y empadre múltiple limitan el registro adecuado de la progenie al momento del parto.

To assess the implications of parentage assignation on herds-genetic improvement nine microsatellite markers were used in order to structure the genealogy of a multisired Braford herd. All progeny (100%) had satisfactory paternity assignment, conversely the maternity verification analysis showed assignation errors up to 90%. Our results support the use of molecular tools to verify the pedigree structure in those herds with management systems that limit the proper registration of progeny at calving.

Assessment of genetic structure in Mexican charolais herds using microsatellite markers

Knowledge of livestock genetic diversity is an essential step to respond to commercial demands and reach production objectives in different environments and production systems. The evaluation of animal genetic diversity is achieved by using molecular markers. Microsatellites are the most used markers for studies of this type. Eleven microsatellites were used to evaluate the genetic variation from three populations of Charolais cattle located in northeast Mexico. The studied populations exhibited a high allelic variability with a mean heterozygosity of 0.5. A moderate genetic differentiation between the Charolais populations (F ST = 0.079; P < 0.001) was observed. This suggests subdivisions in Charolais breed established in Mexico, due to genetic material origin, reproductive and selective management and local isolation.